Encoding of raw frames (D3D11Texture2D) to an rtsp stream using libav*

I have managed to create a rtsp stream using libav* and directX texture (which I am obtaining from GDI API using Bitblit method). Here's my approach for creating live rtsp stream:

1. Create output context and stream (skipping the checks here)

   • avformat_alloc_output_context2(&ofmt_ctx, NULL, "rtsp", rtsp_url); //RTSP
   • vid_codec = avcodec_find_encoder(ofmt_ctx->oformat->video_codec);
   • vid_stream = avformat_new_stream(ofmt_ctx,vid_codec);
   • vid_codec_ctx = avcodec_alloc_context3(vid_codec);

2. Set codec params

   codec_ctx->codec_tag = 0;
   codec_ctx->codec_id = ofmt_ctx->oformat->video_codec;
   //codec_ctx->codec_type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO;
   codec_ctx->width = width;   codec_ctx->height = height;
   codec_ctx->gop_size = 12;
    //codec_ctx->gop_size = 40;
    //codec_ctx->max_b_frames = 3;
   codec_ctx->pix_fmt = target_pix_fmt; // AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P
   codec_ctx->framerate = { stream_fps, 1 };
   codec_ctx->time_base = { 1, stream_fps};
   if (fctx->oformat->flags & AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER)
    {
        codec_ctx->flags |= AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;
    }
   

3. Initialize video stream

   if (avcodec_parameters_from_context(stream->codecpar, codec_ctx) < 0)
   {
    Debug::Error("Could not initialize stream codec parameters!");
    return false;
   }
   
   AVDictionary* codec_options = nullptr;
   if (codec->id == AV_CODEC_ID_H264) {
    av_dict_set(&codec_options, "profile", "high", 0);
    av_dict_set(&codec_options, "preset", "fast", 0);
    av_dict_set(&codec_options, "tune", "zerolatency", 0);
   }
   // open video encoder
   int ret = avcodec_open2(codec_ctx, codec, &codec_options);
   if (ret<0) {
    Debug::Error("Could not open video encoder: ", avcodec_get_name(codec->id), " error ret: ", AVERROR(ret));
    return false;
   }
   
   stream->codecpar->extradata = codec_ctx->extradata;
   stream->codecpar->extradata_size = codec_ctx->extradata_size;
   

4. Start streaming

   // Create new frame and allocate buffer
   AVFrame* AllocateFrameBuffer(AVCodecContext* codec_ctx, double width, double height)
   {
    AVFrame* frame = av_frame_alloc();
    std::vector<uint8_t> framebuf(av_image_get_buffer_size(codec_ctx->pix_fmt, width, height, 1));
    av_image_fill_arrays(frame->data, frame->linesize, framebuf.data(), codec_ctx->pix_fmt, width, height, 1);
    frame->width = width;
    frame->height = height;
    frame->format = static_cast<int>(codec_ctx->pix_fmt);
    //Debug::Log("framebuf size: ", framebuf.size(), "  frame format: ", frame->format);
    return frame;
   }
   
   void RtspStream(AVFormatContext* ofmt_ctx, AVStream* vid_stream, AVCodecContext* vid_codec_ctx, char* rtsp_url)
   {
    printf("Output stream info:\n");
    av_dump_format(ofmt_ctx, 0, rtsp_url, 1);
   
    const int width = WindowManager::Get().GetWindow(RtspStreaming::WindowId())->GetTextureWidth();
    const int height = WindowManager::Get().GetWindow(RtspStreaming::WindowId())->GetTextureHeight();
   
    //DirectX BGRA to h264 YUV420p
    SwsContext* conversion_ctx = sws_getContext(width, height, src_pix_fmt,
        vid_stream->codecpar->width, vid_stream->codecpar->height, target_pix_fmt, 
        SWS_BICUBIC | SWS_BITEXACT, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
   if (!conversion_ctx)
   {
        Debug::Error("Could not initialize sample scaler!");
        return;
   }
   
    AVFrame* frame = AllocateFrameBuffer(vid_codec_ctx,vid_codec_ctx->width,vid_codec_ctx->height);
    if (!frame) {
        Debug::Error("Could not allocate video frame\n");
        return;
    }
   
   
    if (avformat_write_header(ofmt_ctx, NULL) < 0) {
        Debug::Error("Error occurred when writing header");
        return;
    }
    if (av_frame_get_buffer(frame, 0) < 0) {
        Debug::Error("Could not allocate the video frame data\n");
        return;
    }
   
    int frame_cnt = 0;
    //av start time in microseconds
    int64_t start_time_av = av_gettime();
    AVRational time_base = vid_stream->time_base;
    AVRational time_base_q = { 1, AV_TIME_BASE };
   
    // frame pixel data info
    int data_size = width * height * 4;
    uint8_t* data = new uint8_t[data_size];
   //    AVPacket* pkt = av_packet_alloc();
   
    while (RtspStreaming::IsStreaming())
    {
        /* make sure the frame data is writable */
        if (av_frame_make_writable(frame) < 0)
        {
            Debug::Error("Can't make frame writable");
            break;
        }
   
        //get copy/ref of the texture
        //uint8_t* data = WindowManager::Get().GetWindow(RtspStreaming::WindowId())->GetBuffer();
        if (!WindowManager::Get().GetWindow(RtspStreaming::WindowId())->GetPixels(data, 0, 0, width, height))
        {
            Debug::Error("Failed to get frame buffer. ID: ", RtspStreaming::WindowId());
            std::this_thread::sleep_for (std::chrono::seconds(2));
            continue;
        }
        //printf("got pixels data\n");
        // convert BGRA to yuv420 pixel format
        int srcStrides[1] = { 4 * width };
        if (sws_scale(conversion_ctx, &data, srcStrides, 0, height, frame->data, frame->linesize) < 0)
        {
            Debug::Error("Unable to scale d3d11 texture to frame. ", frame_cnt);
            break;
        }
        //Debug::Log("frame pts: ", frame->pts, "  time_base:", av_rescale_q(1, vid_codec_ctx->time_base, vid_stream->time_base));
        frame->pts = frame_cnt++; 
        //frame_cnt++;
        //printf("scale conversion done\n");
   
        //encode to the video stream
        int ret = avcodec_send_frame(vid_codec_ctx, frame);
        if (ret < 0)
        {
            Debug::Error("Error sending frame to codec context! ",frame_cnt);
            break;
        }
   
        AVPacket* pkt = av_packet_alloc();
        //av_init_packet(pkt);
        ret = avcodec_receive_packet(vid_codec_ctx, pkt);
        if (ret == AVERROR(EAGAIN) || ret == AVERROR_EOF)
        {
            //av_packet_unref(pkt);
            av_packet_free(&pkt);
            continue;
        }
        else if (ret < 0)
        {
            Debug::Error("Error during receiving packet: ",AVERROR(ret));
            //av_packet_unref(pkt);
            av_packet_free(&pkt);
            break;
        }
   
        if (pkt->pts == AV_NOPTS_VALUE)
        {
            //Write PTS
            //Duration between 2 frames (us)
            int64_t calc_duration = (double)AV_TIME_BASE / av_q2d(vid_stream->r_frame_rate);
            //Parameters
            pkt->pts = (double)(frame_cnt * calc_duration) / (double)(av_q2d(time_base) * AV_TIME_BASE);
            pkt->dts = pkt->pts;
            pkt->duration = (double)calc_duration / (double)(av_q2d(time_base) * AV_TIME_BASE);
        }
        int64_t pts_time = av_rescale_q(pkt->dts, time_base, time_base_q);
        int64_t now_time = av_gettime() - start_time_av;
   
        if (pts_time > now_time)
            av_usleep(pts_time - now_time);
   
        //pkt.pts = av_rescale_q_rnd(pkt.pts, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base, (AVRounding)(AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF | AV_ROUND_PASS_MINMAX));
        //pkt.dts = av_rescale_q_rnd(pkt.dts, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base, (AVRounding)(AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF | AV_ROUND_PASS_MINMAX));
        //pkt.duration = av_rescale_q(pkt.duration, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base);
        //pkt->pos = -1;
   
        //write frame and send
        if (av_interleaved_write_frame(ofmt_ctx, pkt)<0)
        {
            Debug::Error("Error muxing packet, frame number:",frame_cnt);
            break;
        }
   
        //Debug::Log("RTSP streaming...");
        //sstd::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000/20));
        //av_packet_unref(pkt);
        av_packet_free(&pkt);
    }
   
    //av_free_packet(pkt);
    delete[] data;
   
    /* Write the trailer, if any. The trailer must be written before you
     * close the CodecContexts open when you wrote the header; otherwise
     * av_write_trailer() may try to use memory that was freed on
     * av_codec_close(). */
    av_write_trailer(ofmt_ctx);
    av_frame_unref(frame);
    av_frame_free(&frame);
    printf("streaming thread CLOSED!\n");
   }
   

Now, this allows me to connect to my rtsp server and maintain the connection. However, on the rtsp client side I am getting either gray or single static frame as shown below:

Would appreciate if you can help with following questions:

1. Firstly, why the stream is not working in spite of continued connection to the server and updating frames?
2. Video codec. By default rtsp format uses Mpeg4 codec, is it possible to use h264? When I manually set it to AV_CODEC_ID_H264 the program fails at avcodec_open2 with return value of -22.
3. Do I need to create and allocate new "AVFrame" and "AVPacket" for every frame? Or can I just reuse global variable for this?
4. Do I need to explicitly define some code for real-time streaming? (Like in ffmpeg we use "-re" flag).

Would be great if you can point out some example code for creating livestream. I have checked following resources:

• https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/master/doc/examples/encode_video.c
• streaming FLV to RTMP with FFMpeg using H264 codec and C++ API to flv.js
• https://medium.com/swlh/streaming-video-with-ffmpeg-and-directx-11-7395fcb372c4

Update

While test I found that I am able to play the stream using ffplay, while it's getting stuck on VLC player. Here is snapshot on the ffplay log