c++ - 运行简单代码时，巨大的延迟峰值

我有一个简单的基准，用于演示busywait线程的性能。它以两种模式运行：第一个简单地依次获取两个时间点，第二个遍历向量并测量迭代的持续时间。我看到Clock :: now（）的两个顺序调用平均花费大约50纳秒，而向量的一次平均迭代花费大约100纳秒。但是有时执行这些操作会有很大的延迟：第一种情况大约需要50微秒，第二种情况大约需要10毫秒（！）。

Test runs on single isolated core so context switches do not occur. I also call mlockall in beginning of the program so I assume that page faults do not affect the performance.

Following additional optimizations were also applied:

• kernel boot parameters: intel_idle.max_cstate=0 idle=halt irqaffinity=0,14 isolcpus=4-13,16-27 pti=off spectre_v2=off audit=0 selinux=0 nmi_watchdog=0 nosoftlockup=0 rcu_nocb_poll rcu_nocbs=19-20 nohz_full=19-20;
• rcu[^c] kernel threads moved to a housekeeping CPU core 0;
• network card RxTx queues moved to a housekeeping CPU core 0;
• writeback kernel workqueue moved to a housekeeping CPU core 0;
• transparent_hugepage disabled;
• Intel CPU HyperThreading disabled;
• swap file/partition is not used.

Environment:

System details:
Default Archlinux kernel:
5.1.9-arch1-1-ARCH #1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Jun 11 16:18:09 UTC 2019 x86_64 GNU/Linux

that has following PREEMPT and HZ settings:
CONFIG_HZ_300=y
CONFIG_HZ=300
CONFIG_PREEMPT=y

Hardware details:

RAM: 256GB

CPU(s):              28
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-27
Thread(s) per core:  1
Core(s) per socket:  14
Socket(s):           2
NUMA node(s):        2
Vendor ID:           GenuineIntel
CPU family:          6
Model:               79
Model name:          Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2690 v4 @ 2.60GHz
Stepping:            1
CPU MHz:             3200.011
CPU max MHz:         3500.0000
CPU min MHz:         1200.0000
BogoMIPS:            5202.68
Virtualization:      VT-x
L1d cache:           32K
L1i cache:           32K
L2 cache:            256K
L3 cache:            35840K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):   0-13
NUMA node1 CPU(s):   14-27

Example code:

    struct TData
    {
        std::vector<char> Data;

        TData() = default;
        TData(size_t aSize)
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < aSize; ++i)
            {
                Data.push_back(i);
            }
        }
    };

    using TBuffer = std::vector<TData>;

    TData DoMemoryOperation(bool aPerform, const TBuffer& aBuffer, size_t& outBufferIndex)
    {
        if (!aPerform)
        {
            return TData {};
        }

        const TData& result = aBuffer[outBufferIndex];

        if (++outBufferIndex == aBuffer.size())
        {
            outBufferIndex = 0;
        }

        return result;
    }

    void WarmUp(size_t aCyclesCount, bool aPerform, const TBuffer& aBuffer)
    {
        size_t bufferIndex = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < aCyclesCount; ++i)
        {
            auto data = DoMemoryOperation(aPerform, aBuffer, bufferIndex);
        }
    }

    void TestCycle(size_t aCyclesCount, bool aPerform, const TBuffer& aBuffer, Measurings& outStatistics)
    {
        size_t bufferIndex = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < aCyclesCount; ++i)
        {
            auto t1 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
            {
            auto data = DoMemoryOperation(aPerform, aBuffer, bufferIndex);
            }
            auto t2 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
            auto diff = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(t2 - t1).count();
            outStatistics.AddMeasuring(diff, t2);
        }
    }

    int Run(int aCpu, size_t aDataSize, size_t aBufferSize, size_t aCyclesCount, bool aAllocate, bool aPerform)
    {
        if (mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE))
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("mlockall failed");
        }

        std::cout << "Test parameters"
            << ":\ndata size=" << aDataSize
            << ",\nnumber of elements=" << aBufferSize
            << ",\nbuffer size=" << aBufferSize * aDataSize
            << ",\nnumber of cycles=" << aCyclesCount
            << ",\nallocate=" << aAllocate
            << ",\nperform=" << aPerform
            << ",\nthread ";

        SetCpuAffinity(aCpu);

        TBuffer buffer;

        if (aPerform)
        {
            buffer.resize(aBufferSize);
            std::fill(buffer.begin(), buffer.end(), TData { aDataSize });
        }

        WaitForKey();
        std::cout << "Running..."<< std::endl;

        WarmUp(aBufferSize * 2, aPerform, buffer);

        Measurings statistics;
        TestCycle(aCyclesCount, aPerform, buffer, statistics);
        statistics.Print(aCyclesCount);

        WaitForKey();

        if (munlockall())
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("munlockall failed");
        }

        return 0;
    }

And following results are received: First:

StandaloneTests --run_test=MemoryAccessDelay --cpu=19 --data-size=280 --size=67108864 --count=1000000000 --allocate=1 --perform=0
Test parameters:
data size=280,
number of elements=67108864,
buffer size=18790481920,
number of cycles=1000000000,
allocate=1,
perform=0,
thread 14056 on cpu 19

Statistics: min: 16: max: 18985: avg: 18
0 - 10 : 0 (0 %): -
10 - 100 : 999993494 (99 %): min: 40: max: 117130: avg: 40
100 - 1000 : 946 (0 %): min: 380: max: 506236837: avg: 43056598
1000 - 10000 : 5549 (0 %): min: 56876: max: 70001739: avg: 7341862
10000 - 18985 : 11 (0 %): min: 1973150818: max: 14060001546: avg: 3644216650

Second:

StandaloneTests --run_test=MemoryAccessDelay --cpu=19 --data-size=280 --size=67108864 --count=1000000000 --allocate=1 --perform=1
Test parameters:
data size=280,
number of elements=67108864,
buffer size=18790481920,
number of cycles=1000000000,
allocate=1,
perform=1,
thread 3264 on cpu 19

Statistics: min: 36: max: 4967479: avg: 48
0 - 10 : 0 (0 %): -
10 - 100 : 964323921 (96 %): min: 60: max: 4968567: avg: 74
100 - 1000 : 35661548 (3 %): min: 122: max: 4972632: avg: 2023
1000 - 10000 : 14320 (0 %): min: 1721: max: 33335158: avg: 5039338
10000 - 100000 : 130 (0 %): min: 10010533: max: 1793333832: avg: 541179510
100000 - 1000000 : 0 (0 %): -
1000000 - 4967479 : 81 (0 %): min: 508197829: max: 2456672083: avg: 878824867

有什么想法会造成如此大的延误的原因是什么？如何进行调查？

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